Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine antiretroviral drug resistance patterns in patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy presenting with OPC. Methods: An exploratory survey was performed among HIV-infected patients on ART for minimum of 24 months presenting with OPC in Nairobi, Kenya. Type (pseudomembraneous or erythematous candidiasis, angular cheilitis) and previous episodes of OPC, CD4-cell counts, duration, regimen and adherence on ART were compared between patients with high (>1000copies/ml) and low HIV-RNA levels. Genotypic resistance testing was performed on those with high viral loads.

The nutritional status of HIV-infected children in terms of anthropometric indices and micronutrient concentrations is commonly compromised. Malnutrition is a risk factor for mortality at initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The role of HAART is pivotal in the management of HIV-infected children. Treatment with HAART has been shown to decrease mortality and improve CD4 counts and reduce viral load. HAART has beneficial effects on the nutritional status as well. However, childrenwho are severely malnourished have an increased risk of mortality when initiating HAART. A number of studies have thus assessed whether supplementation with macronutrients and micronutrients would improve the nutritional status and reduce morbidity and mortality in these children.

Introduction: Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) targeting HIV exposed infants, happens over a period of time (6 weeks up to 18months), and employs different testing technologies at different testing time points. Being a process that is implemented over time and employing different testing technologies, a testing algorithm was designed to ensure reliable final diagnosis. This study was set out to estimate the level of adherence to the testing algorithm.

Background: In high-income countries, viral load is routinely used for monitoring HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy for early detection of drug failure. This is not the case in most resource limited settings like ours where only WHO immunological and clinical criteria are used for monitoring. This study is aimed at determining the rate/time of failure to 1st and 2nd antiretroviral drugs in children in our centers.

Background: The Government of Kenya started offering ART in the public sector since 2003. Despite the dramatic reduction in AIDS related morbidity and mortality, the emergence and spread of drug resistance (DR) threatens to negatively impact on treatment regimens and compromise efforts to control the epidemic. Therefore, there is a need for information on the situation of DR Mutations (DRMS) and their implications on treatment.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic has adversely affected the nutritional status of many children in the sub region, an area where malnutrition is also endemic.The study was aimed at assessing the burden of HIV infection among under five with severe acute malnutrition, determine its common forms, the outcomes and associated co-morbidities.